{"id":14058,"date":"2024-03-07T16:13:20","date_gmt":"2024-03-07T15:13:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ladislavjakl.cz\/?p=14058"},"modified":"2024-03-07T16:13:20","modified_gmt":"2024-03-07T15:13:20","slug":"nalepky-a-nalepkovaci","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ladislavjakl.cz\/?p=14058","title":{"rendered":"N\u00e1lepky a n\u00e1lepkova\u010di"},"content":{"rendered":"

V\u0161imli jste si \u010d\u00edm d\u00e1l frekventovan\u011bj\u0161\u00edho v\u00fdskytu slov \u201ekonspir\u00e1tor\u201c, \u201ekonspirace\u201c a \u201ekonspira\u010dn\u00ed\u201c? No, autor t\u011bchto \u0159\u00e1dek od chv\u00edle, kdy se nau\u010dil \u010d\u00edst, ch\u00e1pal tato slova v p\u016fvodn\u00edm smyslu slova, tedy jako \u201espiklenec\u201c, \u201espiknut\u00ed\u201c, \u201espikleneck\u00fd\u201c. Dokonce p\u0159ed v\u00edce ne\u017e 40 lety napsal p\u00edse\u0148 jm\u00e9nem Konspira\u010dn\u00ed blues.<\/em><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Jen\u017ee dnes \u017eijeme v dob\u011b \u201evyvlast\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed\u201c term\u00edn\u016f. Kdy\u017e je mo\u017en\u00e9 vyvlastnit i duhu, tak pro\u010d ne term\u00edny, \u017ee. Tak\u017ee pokud n\u011bkdo ztvrd\u00ed, \u017ee ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed hl\u00e1sn\u00e9 trouby vl\u00e1dn\u00ed moci ne\u0159\u00edkaj\u00ed \u00fapln\u011b pravdu, \u017ee n\u011bkter\u00e9 sv\u00e9 pl\u00e1ny i skr\u00fdvaj\u00ed, \u017ee mohutn\u00e9 vlivn\u00e9 z\u00e1jmov\u00e9 skupiny obvykle prosazuj\u00ed sv\u00e9 c\u00edle pod z\u00e1stupn\u00fdmi argumenty a \u010dasto konstruuj\u00ed v\u0161elijak\u00e9 komploty, pokud n\u011bkdo p\u00ed\u0161e, \u017ee m\u00e9dia hlavn\u00edho proudu b\u011b\u017en\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed manipulace, zaml\u010duj\u00ed fakta a v\u011bdom\u011b p\u0159ekrucuj\u00ed realitu, pak je okam\u017eit\u011b hl\u00eddac\u00edmi psy liber\u00e1ln\u00ed demokracie okam\u017eit\u011b s\u00e1m ozna\u010den za \u201ekonspir\u00e1tora\u201c.<\/p>\n

Lh\u00e1\u0159i a spiklenci<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abychom tomu l\u00e9pe rozum\u011bli, tak je\u0161t\u011b jednou: kdo mluv\u00ed o spiknut\u00ed mocn\u00fdch tohoto sv\u011bta, je s\u00e1m ozna\u010den za spiklence, za konspir\u00e1tora. A nikomu to nen\u00ed divn\u00e9. Kdyby byl t\u0159eba ozna\u010den za po\u0161uka nebo pla\u0161ana, konstrukt\u00e9ra krkolomn\u00fdch vysv\u011btlen\u00ed jednoduch\u00fdch spole\u010densk\u00fdch jev\u016f, je\u0161t\u011b by to \u010dlov\u011bk ch\u00e1pal. Ale mluv\u00ed\u0161 o zlo\u010dinu? Jsi zlo\u010dinec! Mluv\u00ed\u0161 o l\u017e\u00edch? Jsi lh\u00e1\u0159! Mluv\u00ed\u0161 o neve\u0159ejn\u00fdch jedn\u00e1n\u00edch a dohod\u00e1ch, jsi spiklenec! To je jako logick\u00e9?<\/p>\n

Ne \u017ee by takov\u00ed zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00ed po\u0161uci mezi n\u00e1mi ne\u017eili. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed lid\u00e9 skute\u010dn\u011b maj\u00ed \u00fapornou tendenci za v\u0161\u00edm vid\u011bt projev temn\u00e9ho pl\u00e1nu kdesi v doup\u011bti ukryt\u00e9 skupinky rafinovan\u00fdch sv\u011btovl\u00e1dc\u016f tahaj\u00edc\u00edch za v\u0161echny nitky. Takov\u00e9 Spiknut\u00ed s velk\u00fdm S<\/strong> je v\u0161ak opravdu p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 jednoduch\u00fdm vysv\u011btlen\u00edm v\u0161ech slo\u017eitost\u00ed sv\u011bta.<\/p>\n

Ale opravdu m\u00e1me v\u0161e, co se na n\u00e1s val\u00ed, vn\u00edmat jen \u010dist\u011b prvopl\u00e1nov\u011b, povrchn\u011b, d\u016fv\u011b\u0159iv\u011b a doslova? Nem\u00e1me hledat mo\u017en\u00e9 skryt\u00e9 souvislosti? M\u00e1me zcela odm\u00edtnout n\u00e1zor, \u017ee r\u016fzn\u00fdch v\u0161emo\u017en\u00fdch spiknut\u00ed s mal\u00fdm s<\/strong> je odjak\u017eiva pln\u00fd sv\u011bt a \u017ee neve\u0159ejn\u00e9 dohody, pl\u00e1ny, spojenectv\u00ed a skryt\u00e9 c\u00edle tu byly odjak\u017eiva, a i dnes jsou jedn\u00edm z faktor\u016f, ur\u010duj\u00edc\u00edch podobu sv\u011bta? M\u00e1me ignorovat, \u017ee sv\u011bt je pln\u00fd propleten\u00fdch z\u00e1jm\u016f, z nich\u017e mnoh\u00e9 jsou skute\u010dn\u011b ne zcela \u010dist\u00e9, ne zcela ve\u0159ejn\u00e9, a ne zcela ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed? Asi pr\u00fd m\u00e1me. Jinak jsme okam\u017eit\u011b sami ozna\u010deni za konspir\u00e1tory, za spiklence. Dostaneme n\u00e1lepku. \u017dijeme toti\u017e ve sv\u011bte n\u00e1lepek.   <\/p>\n

Politick\u00e1 terminologie<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nejen v politologii, ale i v politice samotn\u00e9 a v politick\u00e9 publicistice se bez pat\u0159i\u010dn\u00e9 terminologie neobejdeme. Pomoc\u00ed term\u00edn\u016f t\u0159\u00edd\u00edme sm\u011bry politick\u00e9ho uva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed, koncepce \u00fastavn\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f, postaven\u00ed jednotlivce ve spole\u010dnosti, volebn\u00ed a institucion\u00e1ln\u00ed mechanismy, zkr\u00e1tka jako ve v\u0161ech oborech i tady n\u00e1m term\u00edny slou\u017e\u00ed k tomu, abychom se navz\u00e1jem ch\u00e1pali. Pokud ov\u0161em zn\u00e1me definice jednotliv\u00fdch term\u00edn\u016f a rozum\u00edme jim v\u0161ichni podobn\u011b.<\/p>\n

Jen\u017ee posledn\u00ed dobou se n\u00e1m tady rozmohl takov\u00fd ne\u0161var. Jeho \u0161i\u0159itel\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed jist\u00e9 obraty k odsudku, k projevu zhnusen\u00ed, k ostrakizaci, dehonestaci, k o\u010der\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed, zesm\u011b\u0161\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed a uml\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed oponuj\u00edc\u00edch politick\u00fdch n\u00e1zor\u016f a jejich nositel\u016f. Pak se p\u016fvodn\u011b neutr\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u011bcn\u00e9 terminologick\u00e9 ozna\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed m\u011bn\u00ed v n\u00e1lepkov\u00e1n\u00ed, v n\u00e1stroj propagandy.<\/p>\n

Neodlepiteln\u00e1 n\u00e1lepka<\/strong><\/p>\n

A plat\u00ed u toho jedno pravidlo: kdy\u017e n\u011bkoho n\u00e1lepkovat, tak d\u016fsledn\u011b. N\u00e1lepka se mus\u00ed opakovat dozblbnut\u00ed. Tak, aby na on\u00e1lepkovan\u00e9m nesmyteln\u011b ulp\u011bla a v o\u010d\u00edch ve\u0159ejnosti s n\u00edm splynula v jedno. A toho si tak\u00e9 v\u0161imn\u011bme: n\u00e1lepkovac\u00ed charakteristiku pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed m\u00e9dia hlavn\u00edho proudu jen pro n\u011bkoho. Ty hodn\u00e9 subjekty nem\u00e1 poslu\u0161n\u00fd novin\u00e1\u0159 pot\u0159ebu strkat do \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 hanliv\u00e9 \u0161katulky, maxim\u00e1ln\u011b nap\u00ed\u0161e \u201eproz\u00e1padn\u00ed\u201c, \u201eproevropsk\u00fd\u201c, \u201est\u0159edoprav\u00fd\u201c nebo \u201est\u0159edolev\u00fd. Daleko \u010dast\u011bji si ale vysta\u010d\u00ed s ofici\u00e1ln\u00edm jm\u00e9nem subjektu nebo jeho zkratkou.<\/p>\n

Zato hlavn\u00edm proudem nemilovan\u00e9 politick\u00e9 subjekty, ale i svobodn\u00e9 medi\u00e1ln\u00ed platformy, jednotliv\u00ed v\u00fdrazn\u00ed ve\u0159ejn\u00ed kritici moci, protestn\u00ed iniciativy, alternativn\u00ed akce a shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed, ty nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 nechat jen tak. On by si ten \u010dten\u00e1\u0159, div\u00e1k, poslucha\u010d, nebo c\u00edlov\u00e1 skupina p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9ho horliv\u00e9ho aktivistick\u00e9ho politika \u010di \u010dlena n\u00e1tlakov\u00e9 skupiny mohli myslet, \u017ee nemilovan\u00e9 subjekty jsou prezentov\u00e1ny neutr\u00e1ln\u011b, objektivn\u011b, pomoc\u00ed standardn\u00edch politologick\u00fdch charakteristik, a tedy \u017ee si ka\u017ed\u00fd m\u016f\u017ee o dan\u00e9m subjektu ud\u011blat z\u00e1v\u011bry s\u00e1m. Tak to tedy ne, holenkov\u00e9. Nic si sami d\u011blat nebudete. Jste tup\u00e9 st\u00e1do, v\u011bz\u00edte v osidlech hybridn\u00ed v\u00e1lky, jste ter\u010dem nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00e9 propagandy, jste hn\u011bteni dezinformacemi, a tedy pot\u0159ebujete pomoc. Pot\u0159ebujete n\u00e1lepky.<\/p>\n

Kdo je populista?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00ed n\u00e1lepkou dne\u0161ka je populista. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed politici a novin\u00e1\u0159i ji pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed tak \u010dasto, \u017ee by zaslou\u017eili mal\u00fd popapulismus. P\u0159itom v politologick\u00e9 literatu\u0159e je to term\u00edn obvykle definovan\u00fd velmi jednodu\u0161e: populista slibuje v\u00edc, ne\u017e m\u016f\u017ee splnit. A v\u00ed to o sob\u011b. Jako klasick\u00fd p\u0159\u00edklad b\u00fdv\u00e1 uv\u00e1d\u011bna p\u0159edvolebn\u00ed kampa\u0148 ve stylu \u201esn\u00ed\u017e\u00edm dan\u011b a zv\u00fd\u0161\u00edm st\u00e1tn\u00ed v\u00fddaje, a p\u0159itom nenad\u011bl\u00e1m dluhy\u201c. Jen\u017ee dnes je za populistu ozna\u010dov\u00e1n ka\u017ed\u00fd, komu se nel\u00edb\u00ed divok\u00e9 progresivistick\u00e9 soci\u00e1ln\u011b in\u017een\u00fdrsk\u00e9 experimenty elit stejn\u011b tak, jako se nel\u00edb\u00ed v\u0161em norm\u00e1ln\u011b uva\u017euj\u00edc\u00edm prost\u00fdm lidem.<\/p>\n

V n\u011bmeckojazy\u010dn\u00e9m a frankojazy\u010dn\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b skoro nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 v neutr\u00e1ln\u00edm smyslu slova pou\u017e\u00edt term\u00edn \u201epravice\u201c. Jim u\u017e pouh\u00e9 tohle slovo zav\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159\u00edklonem k nacismu. A krajn\u00ed pravice? To u\u017e je tam n\u00e1lepka zcela diskvalifikuj\u00edc\u00ed. P\u0159itom k jej\u00edmu z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed sta\u010d\u00ed nepodporovat um\u011blou masovou imigraci, sebezni\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed boj s podneb\u00edm, stodevades\u00e1t pohlav\u00ed nebo po\u017eadovat v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed kompetence pro jednotliv\u00e9 \u010dlensk\u00e9 st\u00e1ty EU. P\u0159itom m\u016f\u017eete m\u00edt levicov\u00fd, skoro socialistick\u00fd program. Ale t\u00edm se nezachr\u00e1n\u00edte. N\u00e1lepka ultrapravi\u010d\u00e1ka je nesmyteln\u00e1.<\/p>\n

N\u011bkdy n\u00e1lepkova\u010de zasko\u010d\u00ed, kdy\u017e n\u00e1lepku prost\u011b p\u0159ijmete. Ano, j\u00e1 jsem krajn\u00ed pravi\u010d\u00e1k. Jestli\u017ee pravice je individualistick\u00e1 a levice kolektivistick\u00e1, jestli\u017ee pravice akcentuje svobodu jednotlivce, zat\u00edmco levice silnou roli st\u00e1tu, pak jsem krajn\u00ed pravi\u010d\u00e1k a neberu to jako dehonestaci, ale jako pochvalu.<\/p>\n

N\u00e1lepkou pra\u0161tit po hlav\u011b<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u010c\u00edm\u017e se dost\u00e1v\u00e1m k vy\u00fast\u011bn\u00ed t\u00e9to \u00favahy. N\u00e1lepkov\u00e1n\u00ed coby projev snahy n\u011bkoho ostrakizovat, diskvalifikovat, zesm\u011b\u0161nit, dehonestovat, marginalizovat, degradovat \u010di jednodu\u0161e pomluvit, je hnusn\u00e9, zl\u00e9, lacin\u00e9 a nep\u0159ijateln\u00e9. Proto je t\u0159eba po n\u00e1lepkovac\u00edch d\u016fsledn\u011b po\u017eadovat, aby prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm standardn\u00edch politologick\u00fdch n\u00e1stroj\u016f prok\u00e1zali opr\u00e1vn\u011bnost pou\u017eit\u00ed n\u00e1lepky v tom \u010di onom p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b. Budou se kroutit a nedok\u00e1\u017eou to. Pak si zaslou\u017e\u00ed ochutnat vlastn\u00ed medic\u00ednu: m\u011bli bychom jim p\u0159ilepit na \u010delo n\u00e1lepku s n\u00e1pisem, ve kter\u00e9m si tolik libuj\u00ed p\u0159i ozna\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed kritik\u016f: \u201edezinform\u00e1tor.\u201c<\/p>\n

 Ale jestli\u017ee odm\u00edtneme n\u00e1lepky jako mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b odpornou formu politick\u00e9ho faulu, neodm\u00edtejme sou\u010dasn\u011b i starou dobrou neutr\u00e1ln\u00ed a obsahov\u011b korektn\u00ed politologickou terminologii. Trp\u011bliv\u011b d\u00e1l d\u00e1vejme politick\u00fdm my\u0161lenkov\u00fdm sm\u011br\u016fm ust\u00e1len\u00e1 a definovan\u00e1 jm\u00e9na, t\u0159i\u010fme je a za\u0159azujme je do sv\u00fdch \u0161k\u00e1l a diagram\u016f podle m\u00edry konzervativismu a etatismu.<\/p>\n

Jinak toti\u017e riskujeme, \u017ee n\u00e1m zase bude vl\u00e1dnout slepenec, kter\u00fd nespojuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd pojmenovan\u00fd hodnotov\u00fd a programov\u00fd z\u00e1klad, ale jen touha dr\u017eet moc. A to by byl n\u00e1\u0161 sv\u011bt divn\u00e9 m\u00edsto.<\/p>\n

Ps\u00e1no pro \u00fanorov\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00edku TO<\/p>\n

  <\/p>\n

      <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

V\u0161imli jste si \u010d\u00edm d\u00e1l frekventovan\u011bj\u0161\u00edho v\u00fdskytu slov \u201ekonspir\u00e1tor\u201c, \u201ekonspirace\u201c a \u201ekonspira\u010dn\u00ed\u201c? No, autor t\u011bchto \u0159\u00e1dek od chv\u00edle, kdy se nau\u010dil \u010d\u00edst, ch\u00e1pal tato slova v p\u016fvodn\u00edm smyslu slova, tedy jako \u201espiklenec\u201c, \u201espiknut\u00ed\u201c, \u201espikleneck\u00fd\u201c. Dokonce p\u0159ed v\u00edce ne\u017e 40 lety napsal p\u00edse\u0148 jm\u00e9nem Konspira\u010dn\u00ed blues.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-14058","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-publikovane-clanky"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ladislavjakl.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14058","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ladislavjakl.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ladislavjakl.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ladislavjakl.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/9"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ladislavjakl.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=14058"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.ladislavjakl.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14058\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14059,"href":"https:\/\/www.ladislavjakl.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14058\/revisions\/14059"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ladislavjakl.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=14058"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ladislavjakl.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=14058"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ladislavjakl.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=14058"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}