{"id":1497,"date":"2012-02-17T12:24:47","date_gmt":"2012-02-17T11:24:47","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ladislavjakl.cz\/?p=1497"},"modified":"2012-02-17T12:24:47","modified_gmt":"2012-02-17T11:24:47","slug":"rozhovor-se-studentem-pro-potreby-diplomove-prace","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ladislavjakl.cz\/?p=1497","title":{"rendered":"Rozhovor se studentem pro pot\u0159eby diplomov\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>N\u00e1zev diplomov\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce: <strong>Demokracie v\u00a0\u010cR po dvaceti letech<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><!--more--><\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Je \u010cesk\u00e1      republika, podle va\u0161eho n\u00e1zoru, zem\u00ed s\u00a0pln\u011b rozvinutou demokraci\u00ed      nebo je demokracie v \u010cR je\u0161t\u011b nedokonal\u00e1, co j\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b chyb\u00ed, co byste      navrhnul pro jej\u00ed pos\u00edlen\u00ed? <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>(jak jsme na tom nap\u0159. ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0na\u0161imi nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00edmi sousedy:<\/p>\n<p>a) postkomunistick\u00fdmi zem\u011bmi &#8211;\u00a0 Slovensko, Polsko, Ma\u010farsko,&#8230;<\/p>\n<p>b) zem\u011bmi s\u00a0del\u0161\u00ed demokratickou tradic\u00ed &#8211; N\u011bmecko, Rakousko,&#8230;)<\/p>\n<p>L. J.: \u010cesk\u00e1 republika je st\u00e1tem s\u00a0p\u0159im\u011b\u0159en\u011b rozvinutou demokraci\u00ed. Slovo demokracie nelze zam\u011b\u0148ovat se slovy, jako je \u0161t\u011bst\u00ed, dobro, svoboda, prosperita, po\u0159\u00e1dek, blahobyt, bezpe\u010d\u00ed, spokojenost, d\u016fv\u011bra. Znamen\u00e1 pouze zp\u016fsob uplat\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed moci. Obrat \u201epln\u011b rozvinut\u00e1 demokracie\u201c tak m\u016f\u017ee znamenat jen to, zda jsou v\u00a0jist\u00e9 zemi funguj\u00edc\u00ed demokratick\u00e9 instituce. Velmi demokratickou zem\u00ed je nap\u0159\u00edklad Ir\u00e1n, ur\u010dit\u011b v\u00edce ne\u017e Sa\u00fadsk\u00e1 Ar\u00e1bie, kter\u00e1 je na\u0161\u00edm spojencem. Ale v\u00a0\u00cdr\u00e1nu si lid\u00e9 svobodn\u011b vol\u00ed fundamentalistick\u00fd isl\u00e1m. Ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0b\u00fdval\u00fdmi socialistick\u00fdmi zem\u011bmi m\u00e1me \u00fastavn\u00ed mechanismy mo\u017en\u00e1 o n\u011bco funk\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, ale ne ve v\u0161ech ohledech. A rozhodn\u011b nem\u00e1me d\u016fvod k n\u011bjak\u00e9mu komplexu v\u016f\u010di zem\u00edm, kde je del\u0161\u00ed demokratick\u00e1 tradice. Ten rozd\u00edl je d\u00e1vno smaz\u00e1n a p\u0159\u00edpadn\u00e9 rozd\u00edly jdou na \u00fakor zcela jin\u00fdch v\u011bc\u00ed ne\u017e n\u011bjak\u00e9ho d\u011bdictv\u00ed. Osobn\u011b si mysl\u00edm \u017ee v\u00a0mnoh\u00e9m n\u00e1\u0161 politick\u00fd syst\u00e9m funguje l\u00e9pe ne\u017e ve V\u00e1mi zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9m N\u011bmecku a Rakousku, kde fakticky neexistuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 opozice a o moc se ji\u017e 70 let duopoln\u011b d\u011bl\u00ed dv\u011b strany, jejich program a politika se t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 shoduj\u00ed.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Jak podle      V\u00e1s v\u00a0\u010cR funguj\u00ed t\u0159i pil\u00ed\u0159e demokracie (a svobodn\u00e1 m\u00e9dia, mnoh\u00fdmi      ozna\u010dovan\u00e1 za \u010dtvrt\u00fd pil\u00ed\u0159)?<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong> <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>L. J.: P\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm pova\u017euji za zcela chybnou a mo\u017en\u00e1 i nebezpe\u010dnou my\u0161lenku pova\u017eovat m\u00e9dia za sou\u010d\u00e1st demokracie \u010di dokonce za jeden z\u00a0jej\u00edch pil\u00ed\u0159\u016f. M\u00e9dia jsou jedn\u00edm z\u00a0druh\u016f podnik\u00e1n\u00ed. Tam, kde slou\u017e\u00ed sv\u00fdm \u010dten\u00e1\u0159\u016fm, proto\u017ee z\u00a0nich \u017eij\u00ed (p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm bulv\u00e1r), b\u00fdvaj\u00ed korektn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, tam, kde maj\u00ed jin\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edjmy od siln\u00fdch majitel\u016f, sponzor\u016f a skryt\u00fdch inzerent\u016f, v\u017edy n\u00e1padn\u011b \u010di nen\u00e1padn\u011b slou\u017e\u00ed z\u00e1jmov\u00fdm skupin\u00e1m, proto\u017ee \u010dten\u00e1\u0159 je zas tak moc nezaj\u00edm\u00e1. Na v\u011bt\u0161\u00edm trhu, ne\u017e je n\u00e1\u0161, se tyto vlivy zpravidla vz\u00e1jemn\u011b dopl\u0148uj\u00ed a vyva\u017euj\u00ed, na na\u0161em mal\u00e9m trhu bezpe\u010dn\u011b vl\u00e1dne medi\u00e1ln\u00ed mainstream.<\/p>\n<p><strong> <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>a)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>Moc z\u00e1konod\u00e1rn\u00e1<\/strong> (p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1kon\u016f, kvalita x kvantita, vyv\u00e1\u017een\u00ed moci mezi Sn\u011bmovnou, Sen\u00e1tem, vl\u00e1dou, prezidentem, akceschopnost, do\u0161lo k\u00a0pos\u00edlen\u00ed demokracie?)<\/p>\n<p>L. J.: N\u00e1\u0161 pr\u00e1vn\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d je zaplevelen ohromnou nadprodukc\u00ed norem. Ty vnikaj\u00ed na z\u00e1klad\u011b p\u0159edstavy, \u017ee dobro vznik\u00e1 t\u00edm, \u017ee se nap\u00ed\u0161e do z\u00e1kona. Um\u011bl bych si p\u0159edstavit, kdyby filtra\u010dn\u00ed schopnost Sen\u00e1tu a prezidenta republiky byla v\u00a0tomto smyslu trochu pos\u00edlena, ale velmi opatrn\u011b. Obecn\u011b se u n\u00e1s projevuje v\u0161ude ve sv\u011bt\u011b popsan\u00fd mechanismus: moc soudn\u00ed m\u00e1 nutk\u00e1n\u00ed vykr\u00e1dat kompetence moci z\u00e1konod\u00e1rn\u00e9, moc z\u00e1konod\u00e1rn\u00e1 vykr\u00e1d\u00e1 kompetence moci v\u00fdkonn\u00e9 a moc v\u00fdkonn\u00e1 m\u00e1 tendenci (ta se u n\u00e1s projevuje nejm\u00e9n\u011b) vykr\u00e1dat kompetence moci soudn\u00ed. V\u00a0tom by jist\u00e9 vyv\u00e1\u017een\u00ed bylo ku prosp\u011bchu v\u011bci.<\/p>\n<p>b)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>Moc v\u00fdkonn\u00e1<\/strong> (st\u0159\u00edd\u00e1n\u00ed vl\u00e1d pravice, levice, ob\u011b slibuj\u00ed p\u0159ed volbami, ob\u011b pak v\u011bt\u0161inu slibovan\u00e9ho nedodr\u017e\u00ed (nap\u0159. opozi\u010dn\u00ed smlouva), \u010d\u00edm vl\u00e1dy p\u0159isp\u011bly k\u00a0prohlouben\u00ed demokracie?, velk\u00e9 korup\u010dn\u00ed af\u00e9ry &#8211; v podstat\u011b se nikdy nic nevy\u0161et\u0159ilo, obrovsk\u00fd st\u00e1tn\u00ed dluh &#8211; reformy?)<\/p>\n<p>L. J.: Opozi\u010dn\u00ed smlouvu navzdory jej\u00edmu hysterick\u00e9mu d\u00e9monizov\u00e1n\u00ed nepova\u017euji za \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 nedodr\u017een\u00ed slibu. Byla to forma existence men\u0161inov\u00e9 vl\u00e1dy volebn\u00edho v\u00edt\u011bze, co\u017e je b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 v\u00a0mnoha zem\u00edch. Politick\u00e9 strany u n\u00e1s funguj\u00ed l\u00e9pe ne\u017e ve v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b evropsk\u00fdch zem\u00edch a platilo to hodn\u011b dlouho. V\u00a0posledn\u00edch volb\u00e1ch ale do\u0161lo k\u00a0jist\u00e9mu zakol\u00eds\u00e1n\u00ed a n\u00e1vratu zp\u011bt, kdy\u017e do pom\u011brn\u011b p\u0159ehledn\u00e9ho a vykrystalizovan\u00e9ho spektra vkro\u010dily dv\u011b nov\u00e9, zcela ne\u010diteln\u00e9 strany. Upl\u00e1cen\u00ed u n\u00e1s nen\u00ed ani v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed, ani men\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e v\u00a0kter\u00e9koli demokracii sv\u011bta. Jen se stalo m\u00f3dn\u00edm t\u00e9matem, kter\u00fdm se politi\u010dt\u00ed konkurenti bij\u00ed navz\u00e1jem po hlav\u011b. Dluh je u n\u00e1s men\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e ve v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b demokratick\u00fdch zem\u00edch, ale nemusel b\u00fdt \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd, kdyby v\u00a0letech ekonomick\u00e9ho r\u016fstu v\u00a0letech 2000 \u2013 2008 vl\u00e1dy dluh spl\u00e1cely a ne je\u0161t\u011b zv\u011bt\u0161ovaly. Jen\u017ee pro takov\u00e9 spl\u00e1cen\u00ed voli\u010d nem\u00e1 pochopen\u00ed, pro d\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed dluh\u016f ano. Tak mu jdou vl\u00e1dy na ruku.<\/p>\n<p>c)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>Moc soudn\u00ed<\/strong> (v\u00fdkonnost x pr\u016ftahy, pr\u00e1vn\u00ed st\u00e1t nebo justi\u010dn\u00ed mafie?, korupce v\u00a0justici, ned\u016fv\u011bra lid\u00ed v ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed soudy, stabiln\u011b vysok\u00e1 d\u016fv\u011bra pouze u \u00dastavn\u00edho soudu &#8211; pro\u010d?, institut ombudsmana &#8211; osv\u011bd\u010dil se?)<\/p>\n<p>L. J.: Institut ombudsmana je zbyte\u010dn\u00fd. Justice je nejslab\u0161\u00edm \u010dl\u00e1nkem na\u0161eho mocensk\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu. D\u016fvodem je jej\u00ed p\u0159\u00edli\u0161n\u00e1 nez\u00e1vislost na ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 kontrole. D\u016fsledkem pak jsou procesy t\u00e1hnouc\u00ed se deset \u010di patn\u00e1ct let.<\/p>\n<p>d)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>Masov\u00e1 m\u00e9dia<\/strong> (opravdu pln\u00ed zejm\u00e9na ve\u0159ejnopr\u00e1vn\u00ed m\u00e9dia roli hl\u00eddac\u00edho psa demokracie, nejsou sp\u00ed\u0161 p\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00fdm vo\u0159\u00ed\u0161kem?, hroz\u00ed n\u00e1m berlusconizace?, vznik\u00e1 st\u00e1t ve st\u00e1t\u011b?, mediokracie)<\/p>\n<p>L. J.: M\u00e9dia nemaj\u00ed co plnit roli hl\u00eddac\u00edho psa. Maj\u00ed poctiv\u011b informovat a p\u0159isp\u00edvat k\u00a0ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 diskusi. M\u00edsto toho \u010dasto slou\u017e\u00ed jedn\u011bm sil\u00e1m k\u00a0o\u010der\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed konkurent\u016f. Tzv. ve\u0159ejnopr\u00e1vn\u00ed m\u00e9dia d\u00e1vno nem\u011bla existovat. Ve\u0159ejnopr\u00e1vn\u00ed noviny tak\u00e9 nem\u00e1me. Vlastn\u00edk alespo\u0148 trochu pr\u00e1ci novin\u00e1\u0159\u016f hl\u00edd\u00e1, u st\u00e1tn\u00edch m\u00e9di\u00ed, kter\u00fdm se eufemisticky \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 ve\u0159ejnopr\u00e1vn\u00ed, je stra\u0161n\u011b snadn\u00e9 pro sp\u0159\u00e1telen\u00e9 z\u00e1jmov\u00e9 skupiny d\u011blat svou politiku za pen\u00edze v\u0161ech. Tyhle hl\u00eddac\u00ed psy nikdo nehl\u00edd\u00e1.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Je podle V\u00e1s dob\u0159e nastaven syst\u00e9m      sout\u011b\u017een\u00ed politick\u00fdch stran? <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>(politick\u00e9 strany a jejich p\u0159edstavitel\u00e9 se za dvacet let v\u00a0o\u010d\u00edch v\u011bt\u0161iny ve\u0159ejnosti znev\u011brohodnili, posledn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edklad: vl\u00e1da, kter\u00e1 se p\u0159i sv\u00e9m vzniku ozna\u010dila za \u201evl\u00e1du protikorup\u010dn\u00ed\u201c, je nucena \u0159e\u0161it p\u0159\u00edpady korupce a vyd\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed ve vlastn\u00edch \u0159ad\u00e1ch, minist\u0159i odkl\u00e1n\u011bj\u00ed podivn\u011b nabyt\u00e9 miliony, hazarduje se s\u00a0d\u016fv\u011brou voli\u010d\u016f, lid\u00e9 nev\u00ed (nemaj\u00ed) koho volit, nov\u00e9 strany &#8211; jepi\u010d\u00ed \u017eivot, probl\u00e9m financov\u00e1n\u00ed politick\u00fdch stran)<\/p>\n<p>L. J.: V\u011btu, \u017ee stany se znev\u011brohodnily, pova\u017euji za fr\u00e1zi. Strany jsou p\u0159esn\u011b takov\u00e9, jak\u00e9 si je vytvo\u0159il voli\u010d. Skand\u00e1l\u016f nen\u00ed v\u00edce ne\u017e v\u00a0jin\u00fdch zem\u00edch \u010di\u00a0 v\u00a0dob\u011b prvn\u00ed republiky. Daleko v\u011bt\u0161\u00edm probl\u00e9mem je p\u0159\u00edklon stran k\u00a0bezbarv\u00e9mu pragmatismu bez idej\u00ed.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Dok\u00e1zali jsme se po dvaceti letech      vyrovnat s\u00a0komunistickou minulost\u00ed? A nau\u010dili se podle Va\u0161eho n\u00e1zoru      lid\u00e9 v\u00a0\u010cR po dvaceti letech pln\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edvat demokratick\u00e9 instituce? <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>L. J.: Nikdy jsem nepochopil obrat \u201evyrovn\u00e1n\u00ed se s\u00a0komunistickou minulost\u00ed\u201c. Co to znamen\u00e1? M\u016f\u017ee to znamenat snad jen jistou sebereflexi n\u00e1s v\u0161ech. Tu nem\u016f\u017ee nikdo za\u0159\u00eddit ani na\u0159\u00eddit. Mysl\u00edm, \u017ee toto vyrovn\u00e1n\u00ed u n\u00e1s prob\u00edh\u00e1 a prob\u011bhlo tak, jak um\u00edme. Ur\u010dit\u011b l\u00e9pe, ne\u017e v\u00a0Rakousku, kter\u00e9 se se svou nacistickou minulost\u00ed nikdy vyrovn\u00e1vat ani neza\u010dalo. Vsugerovalo sv\u011btu, \u017ee bylo ob\u011bt\u00ed a ne nad\u0161enou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed nacistick\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e sv\u00e9ho krajana Hitlera. A co se lidi nau\u010dili? Ti se u\u010d\u00ed rychle. Ka\u017ed\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk um\u00ed sledovat sv\u00e9 z\u00e1jmy a vyu\u017e\u00edt podm\u00ednky, kter\u00e9 existuj\u00ed. Lid\u00e9 nepot\u0159ebuj\u00ed \u201ev\u00fduku k\u00a0demokracii\u201c, pot\u0159ebuj\u00ed svobodu.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Filozofick\u00fd      spor o pojet\u00ed demokracie mezi V\u00e1clavem Havlem a V\u00e1clavem Klausem formoval      dvacet let \u010deskou politickou sc\u00e9nu. Jak\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem, podle Va\u0161eho n\u00e1zoru,      tento spor ovlivnil v\u00fdvoj demokracie v\u00a0\u010cR?<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>L. J.: Nev\u00edm, jestli ovlivnil v\u00fdvoj demokracie. Asi ovlivnil volebn\u00ed syst\u00e9m, asi ovlivnil p\u00e1d vl\u00e1dy v\u00a0roce 97, asi se prom\u00edtl do opakovan\u00fdch pokus\u016f obch\u00e1zet politick\u00fd syst\u00e9m silami, kter\u00e9 by podle demokratick\u00fdch pravidel nem\u011bly \u0161anci. Ale daleko v\u00edce tento spor ovlivnil ve\u0159ejnou spole\u010denskou debatu. A ur\u010dit\u011b je\u0161t\u011b dlouho ovliv\u0148ovat bude.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>N\u00e1zev diplomov\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce: Demokracie v\u00a0\u010cR po dvaceti letech<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[13],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1497","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-rozhovory"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ladislavjakl.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1497","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ladislavjakl.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ladislavjakl.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ladislavjakl.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ladislavjakl.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1497"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.ladislavjakl.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1497\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1498,"href":"https:\/\/www.ladislavjakl.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1497\/revisions\/1498"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ladislavjakl.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1497"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ladislavjakl.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1497"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ladislavjakl.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1497"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}